base: The R Base Package

R基礎パッケージ

CRAN: https://stat.ethz.ch/R-manual/R-devel/library/base/html/00Index.html

> library(base)

バージョン: 3.4.0

関数名	概略
`.Call`	Modern Interfaces to C/C++ code
`.Device`	Lists of Open/Active Graphics Devices
`.Internal`	Call an Internal Function
`.Last.value`	Value of Last Evaluated Expression
`.Library`	Search Paths for Packages
`.Machine`	Numerical Characteristics of the Machine
`.Platform`	Platform Specific Variables
`.Primitive`	Look Up a Primitive Function
`.bincode`	Bin a Numeric Vector
`.deparseOpts`	Options for Expression Deparsing
`.onLoad Hooks`	for Namespace Events
`.packages`	Listing of Packages
`.standard_regexps`	Miscellaneous Internal/Programming Utilities
`:`	Colon Operator
`::`	Double Colon and Triple Colon Operators
`@`	Extract or Replace A Slot
`Arithmetic`	Arithmetic Operators
`AsIs`	Inhibit Interpretation/Conversion of Objects
`Bessel`	Bessel Functions
`Comparison`	Relational Operators
`Constants`	Built-in Constants
`Control`	Control Flow
`Cstack_info`	Report Information on C Stack Size and Usage
`DateTimeClasses`	Date-Time Classes
`Dates`	Date Class
`Defunct`	Marking Objects as Defunct
`Deprecated`	Marking Objects as Deprecated
`Encoding`	Read or Set the Declared Encodings for a Character Vector
`Extract`	Extract or Replace Parts of an Object
`Filter`	Common Higher-Order Functions in Functional Programming Languages
`Foreign`	Foreign Function Interface
`ISOdatetime`	Date-time Conversion Functions from Numeric Representations
`InternalMethods`	Internal Generic Functions
`La_version`	LAPACK version
`Logic`	Logical Operators
`Memory`	Memory Available for Data Storage
`Memory-limits`	Memory Limits in R
`NA`	'Not Available' / Missing Values
`NULL`	The Null Object
`NotYetImplemented`	Not Yet Implemented Functions and Unused Arguments
`NumericConstants`	Numeric Constants
`Ops.Date`	Operators on the Date Class
`Paren`	Parentheses and Braces
`Quotes`	Quotes
`R.Version`	Version Information
`R.home`	Return the R Home Directory
`Random`	Random Number Generation
`Random.user`	User-supplied Random Number Generation
`Rdconv`	Utilities for Processing Rd Files
`Recall`	Recursive Calling
`Reserved`	Reserved Words in R
`Signals`	Interrupting Execution of R
`Special`	Special Functions of Mathematics
`Startup`	Initialization at Start of an R Session
`Syntax`	Operator Syntax and Precedence
`Sys.getenv`	Get Environment Variables
`Sys.getpid`	Get the Process ID of the R Session
`Sys.glob`	Wildcard Expansion on File Paths
`Sys.info`	Extract System and User Information
`Sys.localeconv`	Find Details of the Numerical and Monetary Representations in the Current Locale
`Sys.readlink`	Read File Symbolic Links
`Sys.setFileTime`	Set File Time
`Sys.setenv`	Set or Unset Environment Variables
`Sys.sleep`	Suspend Execution for a Time Interval
`Sys.time`	Get Current Date and Time
`Sys.which`	Find Full Paths to Executables
`Trig`	Trigonometric Functions
`UseMethod`	Class Methods
`Vectorize`	Vectorize a Scalar Function
`[.data.frame`	Extract or Replace Parts of a Data Frame
`[.factor`	Extract or Replace Parts of a Factor
`abbreviate`	Abbreviate Strings
`abs`	Miscellaneous Mathematical Functions
`addTaskCallback`	Add or Remove a Top-Level Task Callback
`agrep`	Approximate String Matching (Fuzzy Matching)
`all`	Are All Values True?
`all.equal`	Test if Two Objects are (Nearly) Equal
`all.names`	Find All Names in an Expression
`any`	Are Some Values True?
`aperm`	Array Transposition
`append`	Vector Merging
`apply`	Apply Functions Over Array Margins
`args`	Argument List of a Function
`array`	Multi-way Arrays
`as.Date`	Date Conversion Functions to and from Character
`as.POSIXct`	Date-time Conversion Functions
`as.data.frame`	Coerce to a Data Frame
`as.environment`	Coerce to an Environment Object
`as.function`	Convert Object to Function
`assign`	Assign a Value to a Name
`assignOps`	Assignment Operators
`attach`	Attach Set of R Objects to Search Path
`attachNamespace`	Loading and Unloading Name Spaces
`attr`	Object Attributes
`attributes`	Object Attribute Lists
`autoload`	On-demand Loading of Packages
`backsolve`	Solve an Upper or Lower Triangular System
`base-package`	The R Base Package
`basename`	Manipulate File Paths
`bindenv`	Binding and Environment Locking, Active Bindings
`bitwNot`	Bitwise Logical Operations
`body`	Access to and Manipulation of the Body of a Function
`bquote`	Partial substitution in expressions
`browser`	Environment Browser
`browserText`	Functions to Retrieve Values Supplied by Calls to the Browser
`builtins`	Returns the Names of All Built-in Objects by Apply a Function to a Data Frame Split by Factors
`c`	Combine Values into a Vector or List
`call`	Function Calls
`callCC`	Call With Current Continuation
`capabilities`	Report Capabilities of this Build of R
`cat`	Concatenate and Print
`cbind`	Combine R Objects by Rows or Columns
`ceiling`	Rounding of Numbers
`char.expand`	Expand a String with Respect to a Target Table
`charToRaw`	Convert to or from Raw Vectors
`character`	Character Vectors
`charmatch`	Partial String Matching
`chartr`	Character Translation and Casefolding
`chol`	The Choleski Decomposition
`chol2inv`	Inverse from Choleski (or QR) Decomposition
`class`	Object Classes
`col`	Column Indexes
`colSums`	Form Row and Column Sums and Means
`commandArgs`	Extract Command Line Arguments
`comment`	Query or Set a '"comment"' Attribute
`complex`	Complex Vectors
`conditions`	Condition Handling and Recovery
`conflicts`	Search for Masked Objects on the Search Path
`connections`	Functions to Manipulate Connections
`contributors`	R Project Contributors
`copyright`	Copyrights of Files Used to Build R
`cosh`	Hyperbolic Functions
`crossprod`	Matrix Crossproduct
`cumsum`	Cumulative Sums, Products, and Extremes
`cut`	Convert Numeric to Factor
`cut.POSIXt`	Convert a Date or Date-Time Object to a Factor
`data.class`	Object Classes
`data.frame`	Data Frames
`data.matrix`	Convert a Data Frame to a Numeric Matrix
`date`	System Date and Time
`debug`	Debug a Function
`delayedAssign`	Delay Evaluation
`deparse`	Expression Deparsing
`det`	Calculate the Determinant of a Matrix
`detach`	Detach Objects from the Search Path
`diag`	Matrix Diagonals
`diff`	Lagged Differences
`difftime`	Time Intervals
`dim`	Dimensions of an Object
`dimnames`	Dimnames of an Object
`dir.create`	Manipulaton of Directories and File Permissions
`do.call`	Execute a Function Call
`dontCheck`	Identity Function to Suppress Checking
`double`	Double-Precision Vectors
`dput`	Write an Object to a File or Recreate it
`drop`	Drop Redundant Extent Information
`droplevels`	droplevels
`dump`	Text Representations of R Objects
`duplicated`	Determine Duplicate Elements
`dyn.load`	Foreign Function Interface
`eapply`	Apply a Function Over Values in an Environment
`eigen`	Spectral Decomposition of a Matrix
`encodeString`	Encode Character Vector as for Printing
`environment`	Environment Access environment variables Environment Variables
`eval`	Evaluate an (Unevaluated) Expression
`exists`	Is an Object Defined?
`expand.grid`	Create a Data Frame from All Combinations of Factors
`expression`	Unevaluated Expressions
`factor`	Factors
`file.access`	Ascertain File Accessibility
`file.choose`	Choose a File Interactively
`file.info`	Extract File Information
`file.path`	Construct Path to File
`file.show`	Display One or More Files
`files`	File Manipulation
`find.package`	Find Packages
`findInterval`	Find Interval Numbers or Indices
`force`	Force Evaluation of an Argument
`formals`	Access to and Manipulation of the Formal Arguments
`format`	Encode in a Common Format
`format.info`	format(.) Information
`format.pval`	Format P Values
`formatC`	Formatting Using C-style Formats
`formatDL`	Format Description Lists
`function`	Function Definition
`gc`	Garbage Collection
`gc.time`	Report Time Spent in Garbage Collection
`gctorture`	Torture Garbage Collector
`get`	Return the Value of a Named Object
`getDLLRegisteredRoutines`	Reflectance Information for C/Fortran routines in a DLL
`getHook`	Functions to Get and Set Hooks for Load, Attach, Detach and Unload
`getLoadedDLLs`	Get DLLs Loaded in Current Session
`getNativeSymbolInfo`	Obtain a Description of one or more Native (C/Fortran) Symbols
`getTaskCallbackNames`	Query the Names of the Current Internal Top-Level Task Callbacks
`gettext`	Translate Text Messages
`getwd`	Get or Set Working Directory
`gl`	Generate Factor Levels
`grep`	Pattern Matching and Replacement
`grepRaw`	Pattern Matching for Raw Vectors
`groupGeneric`	S3 Group Generic Functions
`gzcon`	(De)compress I/O Through Connections
`hexmode`	Display Numbers in Hexadecimal
`iconv`	Convert Character Vector between Encodings
`icuSetCollate`	Setup Collation by ICU
`identical`	Test Objects for Exact Equality
`identity`	Identity Function
`ifelse`	Conditional Element Selection
`integer`	Integer Vectors
`interaction`	Compute Factor Interactions
`interactive`	Is R Running Interactively?
`invisible`	Change the Print Mode to Invisible
`is.R`	Are we using R, rather than S?
`is.finite`	Finite, Infinite and NaN Numbers
`is.function`	Is an Object of Type (Primitive) Function?
`is.language`	Is an Object a Language Object?
`is.object`	Is an Object 'internally classed'?
`is.recursive`	Is an Object Atomic or Recursive?
`is.single`	Is an Object of Single Precision Type?
`is.unsorted`	Test if an Object is Not Sorted
`isS4`	Test for an S4 object
`isSymmetric`	Test if a Matrix or other Object is Symmetric
`jitter`	'Jitter' (Add Noise) to Numbers
`kappa`	Compute or Estimate the Condition Number of a Matrix
`kronecker`	Kronecker Products on Arrays
`l10n_info`	Localization Information
`labels`	Find Labels from Object
`lapply`	Apply a Function over a List or Vector
`length`	Length of an Object
`levels`	Levels Attributes
`library`	Loading/Attaching and Listing of Packages
`library.dynam`	Loading DLLs from Packages
`license`	The R License Terms
`list`	Lists - Generic and Dotted Pairs
`list.files`	List the Files in a Directory/Folder
`list2env`	From A List, Build or Add To an Environment
`load`	Reload Saved Datasets
`locales`	Query or Set Aspects of the Locale
`log`	Logarithms and Exponentials
`logical`	Logical Vectors
`long`	vector Long Vectors
`lower.tri`	Lower and Upper Triangular Part of a Matrix
`ls`	List Objects
`make.names`	Make Syntactically Valid Names
`make.unique`	Make Character Strings Unique
`mapply`	Apply a Function to Multiple List or Vector Arguments
`margin.table`	Compute table margin
`mat.or.vec`	Create a Matrix or a Vector
`match`	Value Matching
`match.arg`	Argument Verification Using Partial Matching
`match.call`	Argument Matching
`match.fun`	Extract a Function Specified by Name
`matmult`	Matrix Multiplication
`matrix`	Matrices
`max`	Maxima and Minima
`max.col`	Find Maximum Position in Matrix
`mean`	Arithmetic Mean
`memCompress`	In-memory Compression and Decompression
`memory.profile`	Profile the Usage of Cons Cells
`merge`	Merge Two Data Frames
`message`	Diagnostic Messages
`missing`	Does a Formal Argument have a Value?
`mode`	The (Storage) Mode of an Object
`name`	Names and Symbols
`names`	The Names of an Object
`nargs`	The Number of Arguments to a Function
`nchar`	Count the Number of Characters (or Bytes or Width)
`nlevels`	The Number of Levels of a Factor
`noquote`	Class for 'no quote' Printing of Character Strings
`norm`	Compute the Norm of a Matrix
`normalizePath`	Express File Paths in Canonical Form
`nrow`	The Number of Rows/Columns of an Array
`numeric`	Numeric Vectors
`numeric_version`	Numeric Versions
`octmode`	Display Numbers in Octal
`on.exit`	Function Exit Code
`options`	Options Settings
`order`	Ordering Permutation
`outer`	Outer Product of Arrays
`parse`	Parse Expressions
`paste`	Concatenate Strings
`path.expand`	Expand File Paths
`pcre_config`	Report Configuration Options for PCRE
`pmatch`	Partial String Matching
`polyroot`	Find Zeros of a Real or Complex Polynomial
`pos.to.env`	Convert Positions in the Search Path to Environments
`pretty`	Pretty Breakpoints
`print`	Print Values
`print.data.frame`	Printing Data Frames
`print.default`	Default Printing
`prmatrix`	Print Matrices, Old-style
`proc.time`	Running Time of R
`prod`	Product of Vector Elements
`prop.table`	Express Table Entries as Fraction of Marginal Table
`pushBack`	Push Text Back on to a Connection
`qr`	The QR Decomposition of a Matrix
`qr.X`	Reconstruct the Q, R, or X Matrices from a QR Object
`quit`	Terminate an R Session
`range`	Range of Values
`rank`	Sample Ranks
`rapply`	Recursively Apply a Function to a List
`raw`	Raw Vectors
`rawConnection`	Raw Connections
`read.dcf`	Read and Write Data in DCF Format
`readBin`	Transfer Binary Data To and From Connections
`readChar`	Transfer Character Strings To and From Connections
`readLines`	Read Text Lines from a Connection
`readRDS`	Serialization Interface for Single Objects
`readRenviron`	Set Environment Variables from a File
`readline`	Read a Line from the Terminal
`reg.finalizer`	Finalization of Objects
`regex`	Regular Expressions as used in R
`regmatches`	Extract or Replace Matched Substrings
`remove`	Remove Objects from a Specified Environment
`rep`	Replicate Elements of Vectors and Lists
`replace`	Replace Values in a Vector
`rev`	Reverse Elements
`rle`	Run Length Encoding
`round.POSIXt`	Round / Truncate Data-Time Objects
`row`	Row Indexes
`row.names`	Get and Set Row Names for Data Frames
`rownames`	Row and Column Names
`rowsum`	Give Column Sums of a Matrix or Data Frame, Based on a Grouping Variable
`sQuote`	Quote Text
`sample`	Random Samples and Permutations
`save`	Save R Objects
`scale`	Scaling and Centering of Matrix-like Objects
`scan`	Read Data Values
`search`	Give Search Path for R Objects
`seek`	Functions to Reposition Connections
`seq`	Sequence Generation
`seq.Date`	Generate Regular Sequences of Dates
`seq.POSIXt`	Generate Regular Sequences of Times
`sequence`	Create A Vector of Sequences
`serialize`	Simple Serialization Interface
`setTimeLimit`	Set CPU and/or Elapsed Time Limits
`shQuote`	Quote Strings for Use in OS Shells
`showConnections`	Display Connections
`sign`	Sign Function
`sink`	Send R Output to a File
`slice.index`	Slice Indexes in an Array
`socketSelect`	Wait on Socket Connections
`solve`	Solve a System of Equations
`sort`	Sorting or Ordering Vectors
`source`	Read R Code from a File or a Connection
`split`	Divide into Groups and Reassemble
`sprintf`	Use C-style String Formatting Commands
`srcfile`	References to source files
`stop`	Stop Function Execution
`stopifnot`	Ensure the Truth of R Expressions
`strptime`	Date-time Conversion Functions to and from Character
`strsplit``	Split the Elements of a Character Vector
`strtoi``	Convert Strings to Integers
`strtrim`	Trim Character Strings to Specified Display Widths
`structure`	Attribute Specification
`strwrap`	Wrap Character Strings to Format Paragraphs
`subset`	Subsetting Vectors, Matrices and Data Frames
`substitute`	Substituting and Quoting Expressions
`substr`	Substrings of a Character Vector
`sum`	Sum of Vector Elements
`summary`	Object Summaries
`svd`	Singular Value Decomposition of a Matrix
`sweep`	Sweep out Array Summaries
`switch`	Select One of a List of Alternatives
`sys.parent`	Functions to Access the Function Call Stack
`sys.source`	Parse and Evaluate Expressions from a File
`system`	Invoke a System Command
`system.file`	Find Names of R System Files
`system.time`	CPU Time Used
`system2`	Invoke a System Command
`t`	Matrix Transpose
`table`	Cross Tabulation and Table Creation
`tabulate`	Tabulation for Vectors
`tapply`	Apply a Function Over a Ragged Array
`taskCallbackManager`	Create an R-level Task Callback Manager
`tempfile`	Create Names for Temporary Files
`textConnection`	Text Connections
`tilde`	Tilde Operator
`timezones`	Time Zones
`toString`	Convert an R Object to a Character String
`topenv`	Top Level Environment
`trace`	Interactive Tracing and Debugging of Calls to a Function or Method
`traceback`	Print Call Stacks
`tracemem`	Trace Copying of Objects
`transform`	Transform an Object, for Example a Data Frame
`try`	Try an Expression Allowing Error Recovery
`typeof`	The Type of an Object
`union`	Set Operations
`unique`	Extract Unique Elements
`unlink`	Delete Files and Directories
`unlist`	Flatten Lists
`unname`	Remove 'names' or 'dimnames'
`utf8ToInt`	Convert to or from UTF-8-encoded Character Vectors
`vector`	Vectors
`warning`	Warning Messages
`warnings`	Print Warning Messages
`weekdays`	Extract Parts of a POSIXt or Date Object
`which`	Which indices are TRUE?
`which.min`	Where is the Min() or Max() or first TRUE or FALSE ?
`with`	Evaluate an Expression in a Data Environment
`withVisible`	Return both a value and its visibility
`write`	Write Data to a File
`writeLines`	Write Lines to a Connection
`xtfrm`	Auxiliary Function for Sorting and Ranking
`zapsmall`	Rounding of Numbers

Dates

日付クラス。時刻に関する情報は持たない

> (today <- Sys.Date())

[1] "2017-05-19"

> format(today, "%Y-%m-%d")

[1] "2017-05-19"

> weekdays(today)

[1] "金曜日"

> months(today)

[1] "5月"

DateTimeClasses

日付・時間クラス。POSIXctクラスのオブジェクトは1970-01-01からの経過時間（秒、UNIX時間）、as.POSIXltクラスのオブジェクトは、各要素についてリスト形式でオブジェクトを持つ

Arguments

x, objext
digits
...
time
time1, time2
z
lop

> (z <- Sys.time())

[1] "2017-05-19 17:05:21 JST"

> class(z)

[1] "POSIXct" "POSIXt"

> Sys.time() - 3600 # １時間前

[1] "2017-05-19 16:05:21 JST"

> as.POSIXlt(Sys.time(), "GMT") %>% {
+   print(class(.))
+   .
+ }

[1] "POSIXlt" "POSIXt"

[1] "2017-05-19 08:05:21 GMT"

> as.Date("1970-01-01") %>% unclass()

[1] 0

> Sys.time() %>% as.POSIXlt() %>% unclass() %>% {
+   print(names(.))
+   str(.)
+ }

 [1] "sec"    "min"    "hour"   "mday"   "mon"    "year"   "wday"  
 [8] "yday"   "isdst"  "zone"   "gmtoff"
List of 11
 $ sec   : num 21.4
 $ min   : int 5
 $ hour  : int 17
 $ mday  : int 19
 $ mon   : int 4
 $ year  : int 117
 $ wday  : int 5
 $ yday  : int 138
 $ isdst : int 0
 $ zone  : chr "JST"
 $ gmtoff: int 32400
 - attr(*, "tzone")= chr [1:3] "" "JST" "JDT"

Encoding / enc2native / enc2utf8

文字列ベクトルに対するエンコーディングの読み込みとセット

Arguments

x... 文字列ベクトル
value... 文字列ベクトル

> x <- "\U0001f363"
> Encoding(x)

[1] "UTF-8"

EnvVar

Extract

オブジェクト参照

> x <- 1:12
> x[2]

[1] 2

> x[[2]]

[1] 2

> DT <- data.frame(x = seq(1, 3), y = letters[1:3])
> DT[1]

> DT[1, 2]

[1] a
Levels: a b c

> DT[[1]]

[1] 1 2 3

> DT[[1, 2]]

[1] a
Levels: a b c

> DT$x

[1] 1 2 3

ISOdatetime / ISOdate

日付・時間の属性をもつオブジェクトへ変換

Arguments

year, month, day
hour, min, sec
tz

Logic

> x <- c(NA, FALSE, TRUE)
> isTRUE(x)

[1] FALSE

> !is.na(x) # NAでない場合にTRUE（is.na()の否定）

[1] FALSE  TRUE  TRUE

NA

欠損値の扱いに関する関数

Arguments

x: Rオブジェクト
recursive:
value

> NA

[1] NA

> is.na(c(1, NA))

[1] FALSE  TRUE

> anyNA((xx <- c(0:4)), recursive = FALSE)

[1] FALSE

R.home

Rのホームディレクトリを返す

Arguments

component... bin, doc, etc, include, modules, share,

> R.home()

[1] "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Resources"

> R.home(component = "bin")

[1] "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Resources/bin"

Rprof

> # プロファイリングの結果をファイルで出力する
> Rprof(NULL)
> Rprof(append = TRUE)
> Rprof(NULL)

Sys.getenv

環境変数の取得

Arguments

x
unset
names

> Sys.getenv() %>% names()

 [1] "__CF_USER_TEXT_ENCODING"    "ANALYTICS_SECRET"          
 [3] "ANALYTICS_TOKEN"            "Apple_PubSub_Socket_Render"
 [5] "CARTODB_KEY"                "CLICOLOR_FORCE"            
 [7] "COMMAND_MODE"               "DISPLAY"                   
 [9] "DYLD_FALLBACK_LIBRARY_PATH" "EDITOR"                    
[11] "ESA_IO_TOKEN"               "ESTAT_TOKEN"               
[13] "GDAL_DATA"                  "GIT_ASKPASS"               
[15] "GITHUB_PAT"                 "GITHUB_TOKEN"              
[17] "GMAIL_SECRET"               "GMAIL_TOKEN"               
[19] "HOME"                       "LANG"                      
[21] "LANGUAGE"                   "LC_CTYPE"                  
[23] "LN_S"                       "LOGNAME"                   
[25] "MAKE"                       "NIGHTLEY_DB_PW"            
[27] "NIGHTLEY_DB_USER"           "PAGER"                     
[29] "PATH"                       "PROJ_LIB"                  
[31] "QIITA_TOKEN"                "R_BROWSER"                 
[33] "R_BZIPCMD"                  "R_DOC_DIR"                 
[35] "R_GZIPCMD"                  "R_HOME"                    
[37] "R_INCLUDE_DIR"              "R_LIBS_SITE"               
[39] "R_LIBS_USER"                "R_PAPERSIZE"               
[41] "R_PDFVIEWER"                "R_PLATFORM"                
[43] "R_PRINTCMD"                 "R_QPDF"                    
[45] "R_RD4PDF"                   "R_SESSION_TMPDIR"          
[47] "R_SHARE_DIR"                "R_SYSTEM_ABI"              
[49] "R_TEXI2DVICMD"              "R_UNZIPCMD"                
[51] "R_ZIPCMD"                   "RMARKDOWN_MATHJAX_PATH"    
[53] "RS_RPOSTBACK_PATH"          "RS_SHARED_SECRET"          
[55] "RSTUDIO"                    "RSTUDIO_PANDOC"            
[57] "RSTUDIO_PDFLATEX"           "RSTUDIO_SESSION_PORT"      
[59] "RSTUDIO_USER_IDENTITY"      "RSTUDIO_WINUTILS"          
[61] "SED"                        "SHELL"                     
[63] "SOUNDCLOUD_TOKEN"           "SPARK_HOME"                
[65] "SSH_AUTH_SOCK"              "TAR"                       
[67] "TERM"                       "TMPDIR"                    
[69] "TREXA_DB_HOST"              "TREXA_DB_PORT"             
[71] "TWITTER_ACCESS_SECRET"      "TWITTER_ACCESS_TOKEN"      
[73] "TWITTER_KEY"                "TWITTER_SECRET"            
[75] "UDUNITS2_XML_PATH"          "USER"                      
[77] "WAKATIME_ID"                "WAKATIME_KEY"              
[79] "WAKATIME_SECRET"            "XPC_FLAGS"                 
[81] "XPC_SERVICE_NAME"

> Sys.getenv(c("R_HOME", "R_PLATFORM", "R_LIBS_USER", "RSTUDIO"))

                                     R_HOME 
"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Resources" 
                                 R_PLATFORM 
                "x86_64-apple-darwin15.6.0" 
                                R_LIBS_USER 
                  "~/Library/R/3.4/library" 
                                    RSTUDIO 
                                        "1"

attr

オブジェクト属性

> x <- 1:10
> attr(x, "dim") <- c(2, 5)
> attr(x, "dim")

[1] 2 5

attributes

> x <- cbind(a = 1:3, pi = pi)
> attributes(x)

$dim
[1] 3 2

$dimnames
$dimnames[[1]]
NULL

$dimnames[[2]]
[1] "a"  "pi"

all.equal

オブジェクトが同一であるかを評価する

ref) identical()

> all.equal(1, 1)

[1] TRUE

> all.equal(1, 2)

[1] "Mean relative difference: 1"

class / unclass / inherits / oldClass

クラス属性の参照、設定

Arguments

x... Rオブジェクト
what, value
which

> # summary()
> class(summary)

[1] "function"

> class(1)

[1] "numeric"

> class("a")

[1] "character"

> class(FALSE)

[1] "logical"

connections: file / url / gzfile / bzfile / xzfile / unz / pipe / fifo / socketConnection / open / close / flush / isOpen / isIncomplete

接続操作の関数

combn

> combn(letters[1:4], 2)

     [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5] [,6]
[1,] "a"  "a"  "a"  "b"  "b"  "c" 
[2,] "b"  "c"  "d"  "c"  "d"  "d"

cut

連続した数値を因子に変換

Arguments

x
breaks
labels
include.lowest
right
dig.lab
ordered_result
...

> Z <- stats::rnorm(100)
> table(cut(Z, breaks = -6:6))


(-6,-5] (-5,-4] (-4,-3] (-3,-2] (-2,-1]  (-1,0]   (0,1]   (1,2]   (2,3] 
      0       0       0       0      13      39      32      14       2 
  (3,4]   (4,5]   (5,6] 
      0       0       0

> # http://stackoverflow.com/questions/33139720/count-and-aggregate-date-in-r
> zoo::as.yearmon(2015 + seq(4, 9) / 12) %>% 
+   zoo::as.Date(., format = "%d/%m/%Y") %>% 
+   cut(., "month") %>% 
+   table()

.
2015-05-01 2015-06-01 2015-07-01 2015-08-01 2015-09-01 2015-10-01 
         1          1          1          1          1          1

diff

> diff(1:10, 2)

[1] 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

> diff(1:10, 2, 2)

[1] 0 0 0 0 0 0

dir, list.dir, list.files

ファイル・フォルダの一覧を出力

Arguments

path
pattern: パターンマッチング
all.files: logical. TRUEの場合、隠しファイルを含めて表示する（初期値はFALSE）
full.names: logical. TRUEの場合、ファイルまでのパスを表示する（初期値はFALSE）
recursive: logical.
ignore.case: logical. パターンマッチングを行う際、大文字と小文字を区別するか（FALSEで区別する）
include.dirs
no..

> list.files(path = R.home())

 [1] "bin"          "COPYING"      "doc"          "etc"         
 [5] "fontconfig"   "include"      "Info.plist"   "lib"         
 [9] "library"      "man1"         "modules"      "R"           
[13] "Rscript"      "share"        "SVN-REVISION" "tests"

> list.dirs(path  = R.home("doc"))

[1] "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Resources/doc"              
[2] "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Resources/doc/html"         
[3] "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Resources/doc/manual"       
[4] "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Resources/doc/manual/images"

> dir(path = "../", 
+     pattern = "^[a-lr]", 
+     full.names = TRUE, 
+     ignore.case = TRUE)

 [1] "..//application"           "..//book.json"            
 [3] "..//chunk_setup.md"        "..//chunk_setup.Rmd"      
 [5] "..//data_handling"         "..//data-analysis"        
 [7] "..//database"              "..//dataset"              
 [9] "..//date_and_time"         "..//design"               
[11] "..//development"           "..//ESP_msk_alt.grd"      
[13] "..//ESP_msk_alt.gri"       "..//ESP_msk_alt.vrt"      
[15] "..//ESP2_msk_alt.grd"      "..//ESP2_msk_alt.gri"     
[17] "..//ESP2_msk_alt.vrt"      "..//Figure"               
[19] "..//gapminder.feather"     "..//graphics"             
[21] "..//inst"                  "..//README.md"            
[23] "..//README.Rmd"            "..//references.md"        
[25] "..//references.Rmd"        "..//reproducible_research"
[27] "..//rpkg_showcase.Rproj"

duplicated

重複している要素を確認する

> x <- c(9:20, 1:5, 3:7, 0:8)
> x

 [1]  9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20  1  2  3  4  5  3  4  5  6  7  0
[24]  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8

> x[!duplicated(x)] # 重複している要素を取り除く

 [1]  9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  0  8

environment

環境へのアクセス

Arguments

fun
value
x
hash
parent
env
size

> f <- function() {
+   "top level function"
+ }
> 
> # 以下の結果は同じ
> environment()

<environment: 0x10d374980>

> environment(fun = f)

<environment: 0x10d374980>

> .GlobalEnv

<environment: R_GlobalEnv>

> is.environment(.GlobalEnv)

[1] TRUE

> # ref) http://qiita.com/kohske/items/06b8a010838445c3f890
> getNamespace("stats")

<environment: namespace:stats>

> (obj.e <- environment(rnorm)) # namespace:stats

<environment: namespace:stats>

> ls(name = obj.e, all = TRUE) %>% {
+   head(.) %>% {
+     print(.)
+     obj.head <<- .
+   }
+   length(.)
+ }

[1] ".__global__"          ".__NAMESPACE__."      ".__S3MethodsTable__."
[4] ".approxfun"           ".asSparse"            ".cbind.ts"

[1] 1125

> ls(name = as.environment("package:stats"), all = TRUE) %>% {
+   head(.) %>% {
+     print(.)
+     obj2.head <<- .
+   }
+   length(.)
+ }

[1] ".checkMFClasses" ".getXlevels"     ".lm.fit"         ".MFclass"       
[5] ".nknots.smspl"   ".preformat.ts"

[1] 453

> getNamespaceExports("stats") %>% length()

[1] 453

> getNamespaceExports("stats") %>% grep(obj2.head[1], .)

[1] 324

> obj.head[1]

[1] ".__global__"

> obj2.head[1]

[1] ".checkMFClasses"

> is.function(rnorm)

[1] TRUE

> is.function(.__global__)

Error in eval(expr, envir, enclos): object '.__global__' not found

> is.function(.checkMFClasses)

[1] TRUE

exists

オブジェクトが存在するかを確認

Arguments

x
where
envir
frame
mod
inherits
ifnotfound

> exists("x")

[1] TRUE

> x <- letters
> exists("x")

[1] TRUE

expand.grid

要素に対するすべての組み合わせでデータフレームを作成

> data.frame(mean = 1:5, sd = seq(0, 1, length = 10)) %>% dim()

[1] 10  2

> expand.grid(mean = 1:5, sd = seq(0, 1, length = 10)) %>% {
+   print(dim(.))
+   dplyr::tbl_df(.)
+ }

[1] 50  2

# A tibble: 50 x 2
    mean             sd
   <int>          <dbl>
 1     1 0.000000000000
 2     2 0.000000000000
 3     3 0.000000000000
 4     4 0.000000000000
 5     5 0.000000000000
 6     1 0.111111111111
 7     2 0.111111111111
 8     3 0.111111111111
 9     4 0.111111111111
10     5 0.111111111111
# ... with 40 more rows

file2 / dir.exists

ファイルやディレクトリの操作

Arguments

path
paths
showWarnings
mode
use_umask

> # 指定したディレクトリが存在するか否か
> dir.exists(path = "data-analysis/")

[1] FALSE

> # ディレクトリを作成
> # dir.create(path, showWarnings = TRUE, recursive = FALSE, mode = "0777")
> # 権限の変更
> # Sys.chmod(paths, mode = "0777", use_umask = TRUE)
> # Sys.umask(mode = NA)

file.info

ファイルに関する情報を取得

Arguments

...
extra_cols 真偽値:

> file.info(..., extra_cols = TRUE)
> file.mode(...)
> file.mtime(...)
> file.size(...)

file.show

ファイルを表示する

> file.show(file.path(R.home("doc"), "COPYRIGHTS"))

findInterval

> findInterval(3, c(1:10))

[1] 3

> findInterval(x = 2:10, vec = c(5, 10, 15), rightmost.closed = TRUE)

[1] 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2

format

Arguments

x
trim
digits
nsmall
justify
width
na.encode
scientific
...
big.mark, big.interval, small.mark, small.interval, decimal.mark, zero.print, drop0trailing

> format(1:10, trim = TRUE)

 [1] "1"  "2"  "3"  "4"  "5"  "6"  "7"  "8"  "9"  "10"

> format(13.7, nsmall = 3)

[1] "13.700"

> format(c(6.0, 13.1), digits = 2)

[1] " 6" "13"

> format(Sys.Date(), "%Y-%m-%d")

[1] "2017-05-19"

formula / as.formula

モデル式

> class(fo <- y ~ x1 * x2) # チルダ演算子を使った式はformulaクラスになる

[1] "formula"

> fo

y ~ x1 * x2
<environment: 0x10d374980>

> typeof(fo)

[1] "language"

> terms(fo)

y ~ x1 * x2
attr(,"variables")
list(y, x1, x2)
attr(,"factors")
   x1 x2 x1:x2
y   0  0     0
x1  1  0     1
x2  0  1     1
attr(,"term.labels")
[1] "x1"    "x2"    "x1:x2"
attr(,"order")
[1] 1 1 2
attr(,"intercept")
[1] 1
attr(,"response")
[1] 1
attr(,".Environment")
<environment: 0x10d374980>

funprog / Reduce/ Filter / Find / Map / Negate / Position

> Filter(function(x) {
+   x %% 2
+   } == 0, 1:10)

[1]  2  4  6  8 10

gc / gcinfo

ガベージコレクション

> gc()

          used (Mb) gc trigger  (Mb) max used  (Mb)
Ncells 1560027 83.4    2637877 140.9  2164898 115.7
Vcells 3128703 23.9    5510187  42.1  5510187  42.1

> gcinfo(TRUE)

[1] FALSE

> x <- integer(100000); for(i in 1:18) x <- c(x, i)
> gcinfo(verbose = FALSE)

[1] TRUE

> gc(TRUE)

          used (Mb) gc trigger  (Mb) max used  (Mb)
Ncells 1560018 83.4    2637877 140.9  2164898 115.7
Vcells 3178682 24.3    5510187  42.1  5510187  42.1

> gc(reset = TRUE)

          used (Mb) gc trigger  (Mb) max used (Mb)
Ncells 1560024 83.4    2637877 140.9  1560024 83.4
Vcells 3178698 24.3    5510187  42.1  3178698 24.3

gctorture / gctorture2

iconv / iconvlist

文字列のエンコーディング

> x <- "fa\xE7ile"
> Encoding(x) <- "latin1"
> x

[1] "façile"

> Encoding(x)

[1] "latin1"

> iconv(x, from = "latin1", to = "UTF-8")

[1] "façile"

> utils::head(iconvlist(), n = 50)

 [1] "437"             "850"             "852"            
 [4] "855"             "857"             "860"            
 [7] "861"             "862"             "863"            
[10] "865"             "866"             "869"            
[13] "ANSI_X3.4-1968"  "ANSI_X3.4-1986"  "ARABIC"         
[16] "ARMSCII-8"       "ASCII"           "ASMO-708"       
[19] "ATARI"           "ATARIST"         "BIG-5"          
[22] "BIG-FIVE"        "BIG5"            "BIG5-2003"      
[25] "BIG5-HKSCS"      "BIG5-HKSCS:1999" "BIG5-HKSCS:2001"
[28] "BIG5-HKSCS:2004" "BIG5HKSCS"       "BIGFIVE"        
[31] "C99"             "CHINESE"         "CN"             
[34] "CN-BIG5"         "CN-GB"           "CN-GB-ISOIR165" 
[37] "CP-GR"           "CP-IS"           "CP1046"         
[40] "CP1124"          "CP1125"          "CP1129"         
[43] "CP1133"          "CP1161"          "CP1162"         
[46] "CP1163"          "CP1250"          "CP1251"         
[49] "CP1252"          "CP1253"

> length(iconvlist())

[1] 419

> iconv("\U001F618", "UTF-8", "UTF-16", toRaw = TRUE)

[[1]]
[1] fe ff d8 3d de 18

> iconv("\U0001F423", "UTF-8", "UTF-16") %>% charToRaw()

[1] fe ff d8 3d dc 23

> as.hexmode("0001f618") %>% as.character()

[1] "1f618"

> tolower("u_ribo: \xF0\x9F\x98\x94 \xF0\x9F\x98\x96イウエオ") %>% stringr::str_extract("_all[\U0001F600-\U0001F64F]")

[1] NA

> toupper("u_ribo: \xF0\x9F\x98\x94")

[1] "U_RIBO: \U0001f614"

> onv("u_ribo: \xed\xa0\xbd\xed\xb0\xa3 アイウエオ", "ASCII", "UTF-8", sub = "")

Error in onv("u_ribo: \xed\xa0\xbd\xed\xb0\xa3 アイウエオ", "ASCII", : could not find function "onv"

identical

オブジェクトが等しいかどうかの判定

ref) all.equal

> identical(1, NULL)

[1] FALSE

> identical(1, 1.)

[1] TRUE

> identical(1, as.integer(1))

[1] FALSE

isS4 / asS4

オブジェクトのクラスがS4であるかを検証

> isS4(iris)

[1] FALSE

> asS4(iris) %>% {
+   names(.) %>% print()
+   attributes(.)
+ }

[1] "Sepal.Length" "Sepal.Width"  "Petal.Length" "Petal.Width" 
[5] "Species"

$names
[1] "Sepal.Length" "Sepal.Width"  "Petal.Length" "Petal.Width" 
[5] "Species"     

$row.names
  [1]   1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9  10  11  12  13  14  15  16  17
 [18]  18  19  20  21  22  23  24  25  26  27  28  29  30  31  32  33  34
 [35]  35  36  37  38  39  40  41  42  43  44  45  46  47  48  49  50  51
 [52]  52  53  54  55  56  57  58  59  60  61  62  63  64  65  66  67  68
 [69]  69  70  71  72  73  74  75  76  77  78  79  80  81  82  83  84  85
 [86]  86  87  88  89  90  91  92  93  94  95  96  97  98  99 100 101 102
[103] 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119
[120] 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136
[137] 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150

$class
[1] "data.frame"

> asS4(iris) %>% asS3()

$Sepal.Length
  [1] 5.1 4.9 4.7 4.6 5.0 5.4 4.6 5.0 4.4 4.9 5.4 4.8 4.8 4.3 5.8 5.7 5.4
 [18] 5.1 5.7 5.1 5.4 5.1 4.6 5.1 4.8 5.0 5.0 5.2 5.2 4.7 4.8 5.4 5.2 5.5
 [35] 4.9 5.0 5.5 4.9 4.4 5.1 5.0 4.5 4.4 5.0 5.1 4.8 5.1 4.6 5.3 5.0 7.0
 [52] 6.4 6.9 5.5 6.5 5.7 6.3 4.9 6.6 5.2 5.0 5.9 6.0 6.1 5.6 6.7 5.6 5.8
 [69] 6.2 5.6 5.9 6.1 6.3 6.1 6.4 6.6 6.8 6.7 6.0 5.7 5.5 5.5 5.8 6.0 5.4
 [86] 6.0 6.7 6.3 5.6 5.5 5.5 6.1 5.8 5.0 5.6 5.7 5.7 6.2 5.1 5.7 6.3 5.8
[103] 7.1 6.3 6.5 7.6 4.9 7.3 6.7 7.2 6.5 6.4 6.8 5.7 5.8 6.4 6.5 7.7 7.7
[120] 6.0 6.9 5.6 7.7 6.3 6.7 7.2 6.2 6.1 6.4 7.2 7.4 7.9 6.4 6.3 6.1 7.7
[137] 6.3 6.4 6.0 6.9 6.7 6.9 5.8 6.8 6.7 6.7 6.3 6.5 6.2 5.9

$Sepal.Width
  [1] 3.5 3.0 3.2 3.1 3.6 3.9 3.4 3.4 2.9 3.1 3.7 3.4 3.0 3.0 4.0 4.4 3.9
 [18] 3.5 3.8 3.8 3.4 3.7 3.6 3.3 3.4 3.0 3.4 3.5 3.4 3.2 3.1 3.4 4.1 4.2
 [35] 3.1 3.2 3.5 3.6 3.0 3.4 3.5 2.3 3.2 3.5 3.8 3.0 3.8 3.2 3.7 3.3 3.2
 [52] 3.2 3.1 2.3 2.8 2.8 3.3 2.4 2.9 2.7 2.0 3.0 2.2 2.9 2.9 3.1 3.0 2.7
 [69] 2.2 2.5 3.2 2.8 2.5 2.8 2.9 3.0 2.8 3.0 2.9 2.6 2.4 2.4 2.7 2.7 3.0
 [86] 3.4 3.1 2.3 3.0 2.5 2.6 3.0 2.6 2.3 2.7 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.5 2.8 3.3 2.7
[103] 3.0 2.9 3.0 3.0 2.5 2.9 2.5 3.6 3.2 2.7 3.0 2.5 2.8 3.2 3.0 3.8 2.6
[120] 2.2 3.2 2.8 2.8 2.7 3.3 3.2 2.8 3.0 2.8 3.0 2.8 3.8 2.8 2.8 2.6 3.0
[137] 3.4 3.1 3.0 3.1 3.1 3.1 2.7 3.2 3.3 3.0 2.5 3.0 3.4 3.0

$Petal.Length
  [1] 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.5 1.4 1.7 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.4 1.1 1.2 1.5 1.3
 [18] 1.4 1.7 1.5 1.7 1.5 1.0 1.7 1.9 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.4
 [35] 1.5 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.5 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.6 1.9 1.4 1.6 1.4 1.5 1.4 4.7
 [52] 4.5 4.9 4.0 4.6 4.5 4.7 3.3 4.6 3.9 3.5 4.2 4.0 4.7 3.6 4.4 4.5 4.1
 [69] 4.5 3.9 4.8 4.0 4.9 4.7 4.3 4.4 4.8 5.0 4.5 3.5 3.8 3.7 3.9 5.1 4.5
 [86] 4.5 4.7 4.4 4.1 4.0 4.4 4.6 4.0 3.3 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.3 3.0 4.1 6.0 5.1
[103] 5.9 5.6 5.8 6.6 4.5 6.3 5.8 6.1 5.1 5.3 5.5 5.0 5.1 5.3 5.5 6.7 6.9
[120] 5.0 5.7 4.9 6.7 4.9 5.7 6.0 4.8 4.9 5.6 5.8 6.1 6.4 5.6 5.1 5.6 6.1
[137] 5.6 5.5 4.8 5.4 5.6 5.1 5.1 5.9 5.7 5.2 5.0 5.2 5.4 5.1

$Petal.Width
  [1] 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.4
 [18] 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.1 0.2
 [35] 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 1.4
 [52] 1.5 1.5 1.3 1.5 1.3 1.6 1.0 1.3 1.4 1.0 1.5 1.0 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.0
 [69] 1.5 1.1 1.8 1.3 1.5 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.7 1.5 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.2 1.6 1.5
 [86] 1.6 1.5 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.4 1.2 1.0 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.1 1.3 2.5 1.9
[103] 2.1 1.8 2.2 2.1 1.7 1.8 1.8 2.5 2.0 1.9 2.1 2.0 2.4 2.3 1.8 2.2 2.3
[120] 1.5 2.3 2.0 2.0 1.8 2.1 1.8 1.8 1.8 2.1 1.6 1.9 2.0 2.2 1.5 1.4 2.3
[137] 2.4 1.8 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.3 1.9 2.3 2.5 2.3 1.9 2.0 2.3 1.8

$Species
  [1] setosa     setosa     setosa     setosa     setosa     setosa    
  [7] setosa     setosa     setosa     setosa     setosa     setosa    
 [13] setosa     setosa     setosa     setosa     setosa     setosa    
 [19] setosa     setosa     setosa     setosa     setosa     setosa    
 [25] setosa     setosa     setosa     setosa     setosa     setosa    
 [31] setosa     setosa     setosa     setosa     setosa     setosa    
 [37] setosa     setosa     setosa     setosa     setosa     setosa    
 [43] setosa     setosa     setosa     setosa     setosa     setosa    
 [49] setosa     setosa     versicolor versicolor versicolor versicolor
 [55] versicolor versicolor versicolor versicolor versicolor versicolor
 [61] versicolor versicolor versicolor versicolor versicolor versicolor
 [67] versicolor versicolor versicolor versicolor versicolor versicolor
 [73] versicolor versicolor versicolor versicolor versicolor versicolor
 [79] versicolor versicolor versicolor versicolor versicolor versicolor
 [85] versicolor versicolor versicolor versicolor versicolor versicolor
 [91] versicolor versicolor versicolor versicolor versicolor versicolor
 [97] versicolor versicolor versicolor versicolor virginica  virginica 
[103] virginica  virginica  virginica  virginica  virginica  virginica 
[109] virginica  virginica  virginica  virginica  virginica  virginica 
[115] virginica  virginica  virginica  virginica  virginica  virginica 
[121] virginica  virginica  virginica  virginica  virginica  virginica 
[127] virginica  virginica  virginica  virginica  virginica  virginica 
[133] virginica  virginica  virginica  virginica  virginica  virginica 
[139] virginica  virginica  virginica  virginica  virginica  virginica 
[145] virginica  virginica  virginica  virginica  virginica  virginica 
Levels: setosa versicolor virginica

attr(,"row.names")
  [1]   1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9  10  11  12  13  14  15  16  17
 [18]  18  19  20  21  22  23  24  25  26  27  28  29  30  31  32  33  34
 [35]  35  36  37  38  39  40  41  42  43  44  45  46  47  48  49  50  51
 [52]  52  53  54  55  56  57  58  59  60  61  62  63  64  65  66  67  68
 [69]  69  70  71  72  73  74  75  76  77  78  79  80  81  82  83  84  85
 [86]  86  87  88  89  90  91  92  93  94  95  96  97  98  99 100 101 102
[103] 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119
[120] 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136
[137] 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150

jitter

わずかな誤差を与える

Arguments

x
factor
amount... numeric. 与えるノイズの範囲（程度）

> rep(0, 7)

[1] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

> rep(0, 7) %>% jitter(., amount = 1)

[1]  0.757348042447  0.625705375802  0.708199955057 -0.264208104461
[5]  0.747899825685 -0.697323657107 -0.436376660597

nchar

文字列の長さを数える

Arguments

x
type
allowNA
keepNA

> c("Hello", "こんにちは") %>% {
+   nchar(., type = "chars") %>% print()
+   nchar(., type = "bytes") %>% print()
+   nchar(., type = "width")
+ }

[1] 5 5
[1]  5 15

[1]  5 10

load

保存されたデータセットを読み込む

ref) save, readRDS

Arguments

file
envir
verbose

> load(file, envir = parent.frame(), verbose = FALSE)

locales

ロケール

Arguments

category... カテゴリカルな文字列。LC_ALL, LC_COLLATE, LC_CTYPE, LC_MONETARY, LC_NUMERIC, LC_CTYPE, LC_MONETARY, LC_NUMERIC and LC_TIME
locale

> # 現在のロケールを確認
> Sys.getlocale()

[1] "ja_JP.UTF-8/ja_JP.UTF-8/ja_JP.UTF-8/C/ja_JP.UTF-8/ja_JP.UTF-8"

> # 等しい
> sessionInfo()$locale

[1] "ja_JP.UTF-8/ja_JP.UTF-8/ja_JP.UTF-8/C/ja_JP.UTF-8/ja_JP.UTF-8"

> # Sys.setlocale("LC_ALL","English")

ls

オブジェクトの一覧を返す

ref) remove()

> x <- "aaa"
> ls()

 [1] "df"           "DT"           "f"            "fo"          
 [5] "i"            "l1"           "obj.e"        "res"         
 [9] "res_map"      "session.info" "sliced_df"    "today"       
[13] "x"            "xx"           "z"            "Z"

make.unique

文字列をユニークな形にする

> c("a", "a", "a") %>% make.unique()

[1] "a"   "a.1" "a.2"

> c("a", "a", "a.2", "a") %>% make.unique()

[1] "a"   "a.1" "a.2" "a.3"

match

該当する要素を返す

Arguments

x
table
nomatch
incomparables

> match("melon", c("apple", "banana", "melon"))

[1] 3

> fruits <- c("apple", "banana", "melon")
> match("watermelon", fruits)

[1] NA

> "banana" %in% fruits

[1] TRUE

mean

Arguments

x
trim
na.rm
...

> x <- c(0:10, 50)
> (xm <- mean(x))

[1] 8.75

> c(xm, mean(x, trim = 0.10))

[1] 8.75 5.50

missing

関数内の引数に値が与えられているかを評価する

> myplot <- function(x, y) {
+   if (missing(y)) {
+     y <- x
+     x <- 1:length(y)
+   }
+   plot(x, y)
+ }
> myplot(y = 1)

Error in plot(x, y): argument "x" is missing, with no default

mode

> mode(2)

[1] "numeric"

noquote

> noquote(letters) %>% {
+   print(.)
+   class(.)
+ }

 [1] a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z

[1] "noquote"

ns-dblcolon

パッケージの関数（内部名前空間）を呼び出すための２項演算子および３項演算子

> base::log

function (x, base = exp(1))  .Primitive("log")

> base::`+`

function (e1, e2)  .Primitive("+")

> rstan:::rstudio_stanc

Error in loadNamespace(name): there is no package called 'rstan'

ns-hooks / .onLoad / .onAttach / .onUnload / .Last.lib

Arguments

libname
pkgname
libpath

> ns-hooks()

ns-internals

内部名前空間の参照

Arguments

ns
base.OK
impenv
vars
generics
self
package
packages
package.lib
mustExist
genname
class
envir, env
info
which
val
...
metaname
name

> getExportedValue("stats", "rnorm")

function (n, mean = 0, sd = 1) 
.Call(C_rnorm, n, mean, sd)
<bytecode: 0x10ad26fb8>
<environment: namespace:stats>

> getNamespace("stats")

<environment: namespace:stats>

> getNamespaceExports("stats") %>% length() # stats::hoge で参照できる関数

[1] 453

> getNamespaceImports("stats") %>% names()

[1] "base"      "graphics"  "grDevices" "utils"

> getNamespaceName("stats")

   name 
"stats"

> getNamespaceUsers("stats")

 [1] "zoo"        "crayon"     "DYM"        "munsell"    "stringi"   
 [6] "units"      "ggplot2"    "sf"         "devtools"   "knitr"     
[11] "dplyr"      "RefManageR" "memoise"    "lubridate"  "lattice"   
[16] "plyr"

> getNamespaceVersion("stats")

version 
"3.4.0"

path.expand

ファイルパスの表示。チルダをユーザーのホームディレクトリに置換する

> path.expand(path = "~")

[1] "/Users/uri"

> path.expand(getwd())

[1] "/Users/uri/git/rpkg_showcase/utility"

paste / paste0

文字列の結合

Arguments

...
sep
collapse

> paste("a", "b", sep = ":")

[1] "a:b"

> paste("a", "b", se = ":")

[1] "a b :"

> paste0("a", "b")

[1] "ab"

pretty

Arguments

x
n
min.n
shrink.sml
high.u.bias
u5.bias
eps.correct
...

> pretty(x = 1:15)

[1]  0  2  4  6  8 10 12 14 16

proc.time

R内での時間を返す

> ptm <- proc.time()
> for (i in 1:50) mad(stats::runif(500))
> proc.time() - ptm

            user           system          elapsed 
0.00900000000000 0.00000000000000 0.00900000000001

readBin / writeBin

バイナリデータの変換。コネクションからバイナリデータを読み込んだり、バイナリデータを書き出したり。

Arguments

descriptions
open
blocking
encoding
raw
method
compression
timeout
filename
host
port
server
con
type
rw
...

> tempdir()
> zz <- file(description = paste(tempdir(), "testbin", sep = "/"), open = "wb")
> x <- as.integer(seq(0, 255, 32))
> writeBin(x, zz, size = 1)
> close(zz)

readRDS / saveRDS

単一のRオブジェクトの保存と再取得

Arguments

object
file
ascii
version
compress
refhook

> saveRDS(women, "women.rds")

regex

Rでの正規表現

remove / rm

オブジェクトを削除する

> x <- letters[1:4]
> ls()

 [1] "df"           "DT"           "f"            "fo"          
 [5] "fruits"       "i"            "l1"           "myplot"      
 [9] "obj.e"        "ptm"          "res"          "res_map"     
[13] "session.info" "sliced_df"    "today"        "x"           
[17] "xm"           "xx"           "z"            "Z"

> remove(x)
> ls()

 [1] "df"           "DT"           "f"            "fo"          
 [5] "fruits"       "i"            "l1"           "myplot"      
 [9] "obj.e"        "ptm"          "res"          "res_map"     
[13] "session.info" "sliced_df"    "today"        "xm"          
[17] "xx"           "z"            "Z"

sample

seq / seq.Date

連続値（シークエンス）の生成

> seq(1, 10) # 1:10 と同じ

 [1]  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10

> LETTERS[seq( from = 1, to = 10 )]

 [1] "A" "B" "C" "D" "E" "F" "G" "H" "I" "J"

> seq(from = as.Date("2000/1/1"), to = as.Date("2015/1/1"), by = "years") %>% 
+   sample(size = 10, replace = FALSE)

 [1] "2004-01-01" "2002-01-01" "2014-01-01" "2006-01-01" "2011-01-01"
 [6] "2001-01-01" "2008-01-01" "2007-01-01" "2010-01-01" "2015-01-01"

> # 日付
> seq(as.Date("2015/1/1"), as.Date("2015/12/31"), "days") %>% {
+   print(head(., n = 5))
+   length(.)
+ }

[1] "2015-01-01" "2015-01-02" "2015-01-03" "2015-01-04" "2015-01-05"

[1] 365

save / save.image

Rオブジェクトの保存

ref) load

Arguments

...
list
file
ascii... FALSEでバイナリ形式での保存
version
envir
compress
compression_level
eval.promises
precheck
safe

> # save()はRオブジェクトを指定して保存
> 
> # save.image()は現在のワーキングディレクトリに含まれるオブジェクト全てを対象に保存

serialize / unserialize

シリアル化

Auguments

object
connection
ascii
xdr
version
refhook

> (x <- serialize(list(1,2,3), NULL))

 [1] 58 0a 00 00 00 02 00 03 04 00 00 02 03 00 00 00 00 13 00 00 00 03 00
[24] 00 00 0e 00 00 00 01 3f f0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0e 00 00 00 01
[47] 40 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0e 00 00 00 01 40 08 00 00 00 00 00
[70] 00

> unserialize(x)

[[1]]
[1] 1

[[2]]
[1] 2

[[3]]
[1] 3

sets

要素の比較

> x <- 1:5
> y <- 2:7
> union(x, y) # 共通する要素を返す

[1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

> intersect(x, y) # 範囲にある要素を返す

[1] 2 3 4 5

> setdiff(x, y) # 第一引数にのみ含まれる要素を返す

[1] 1

> setdiff(y, x)

[1] 6 7

> setequal(x, y) # 要素が等しいか否か

[1] FALSE

stopinfo

引数に与えた値が等しくない場合に処理を停止する

> stopifnot(1 == 1)
> stopifnot(1 == 2)

Error: 1 == 2 is not TRUE

strptime

Arguments

x
tz
format
...
usetz

> (z <- strptime(x = "10/10/15 20:31:16.683", format = "%d/%m/%y %H:%M:%OS"))

[1] "2015-10-10 20:31:16 JST"

subset

ベクター、行列及びデータフレームからの抽出

Arguments

x
subset
select
drop
...

> nrow(iris)

[1] 150

> subset(iris, subset = Species == "setosa") %>% 
+   nrow()

[1] 50

> subset(iris, select = Petal.Length:Species) %>% names()

[1] "Petal.Length" "Petal.Width"  "Species"

substitute / quote / enquote

Arguments

expr
cl
env

> (s.e <- substitute(expression(a + b), list(a = 1))) # aの部分にリストで与えた値が入る

expression(1 + b)

> (s.s <- substitute( a + b,            list(a = 1)))

1 + b

> s.e %>% {
+   print(mode(.))
+   typeof(.)
+ }

[1] "call"

[1] "language"

> s.s %>% {
+   print(mode(.))
+   typeof(.)
+ }

[1] "call"

[1] "language"

> # これら２つは同じであるが、次のものは仕様が異なる
> (e.s.e <- eval(s.e))

expression(1 + b)

> e.s.e %>% {
+   print(mode(.))
+   typeof(.)
+ }

[1] "expression"

[1] "expression"

> quote(hello)

hello

> dplyr::summarise_(mtcars, quote(mean(mpg)))

  mean(mpg)
1 20.090625

system.time

実行時間の計測。ユーザーモード時間（個別のコードの処理時間）、システムモード時間（OSレベルでの処理時間）、経過時間

> system.time(for(i in 1:100) mad(runif(1000)))

           user          system         elapsed 
0.0160000000000 0.0000000000000 0.0160000000001

Sys.time / Sys.Date

現在の日付と時間を表示する

> Sys.time()

[1] "2017-05-19 17:05:23 JST"

> Sys.time() %>% format("%a %b %d %X %Y")

[1] "金  5 19 17時05分23秒 2017"

> Sys.Date()

[1] "2017-05-19"

table / as.table / is.table

クロス集計表の作成

Arguments

...
exclude
useNA
dnn
x
row.names
responseName
stringsAsFactors
sep, base

> set.seed(71)
> rpois(100, 5) %>% table()

.
 1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 11 
 7  8 14 18 19 11 10  9  3  1

tapply

因子グループに対して関数を適用

> set.seed(71)
> rbinom(32, n = 5, prob = 0.4) %>% as.factor() %>% {
+   tapply(., ., length) %>% print()
+   table(.) # 同じ
+ }

11 12 13 
 2  2  1

.
11 12 13 
 2  2  1

tempdir / tempfile

一時的なフォルダ、ファイルを作成する。一時ファイルはセッション終了時に削除される。

Arguments

pattern: 作成するファイル（フォルダ）につける名称のパターン
tmpdir:
fileext

> # tempfile(pattern = "file", tmpdir = tempdir(), fileext = "")
> tempdir()

terms

tilde

チルダ演算子（\~）

timezones / OlsonNames

時間帯

> Sys.timezone(location = TRUE)

[1] "Asia/Tokyo"

> str(OlsonNames())

 chr [1:594] "Africa/Abidjan" "Africa/Accra" "Africa/Addis_Ababa" ...

transform

オブジェクトの修正

> summary(airquality$Ozone)

       Min.     1st Qu.      Median        Mean     3rd Qu.        Max. 
  1.0000000  18.0000000  31.5000000  42.1293103  63.2500000 168.0000000 
       NA's 
         37

> transform(airquality, Ozone = -Ozone) %$% summary(Ozone)

        Min.      1st Qu.       Median         Mean      3rd Qu. 
-168.0000000  -63.2500000  -31.5000000  -42.1293103  -18.0000000 
        Max.         NA's 
  -1.0000000           37

trimws

文字列の前後にある空白を取り除く

> x <- "  空白を含んだ文字列  "
> trimws(x)

[1] "空白を含んだ文字列"

> trimws(x, which = "right")

[1] "  空白を含んだ文字列"

typeof

Rオブジェクトの内部タイプを確認（logical, integer, doubleなどのタイプがある）

ref. mode()

> typeof(2)

[1] "double"

unique

> c("a", "a", "b") %>% unique()

[1] "a" "b"

> data.frame(x = c("A", "A", "B"),
+            y = seq(1, 1, 2)) %>% 
+   unique()

  x y
1 A 1
3 B 1

unlink

ファイルやフォルダの削除

Arguments

x
recursive
force

> unlink(x, recursive = FALSE, force = FALSE)

unlist

リストをベクトルに分解する

> unlist(options(), use.names = FALSE) %>% head()

[[1]]
[1] TRUE

[[2]]
function (prompt) 
{
    .Call("rs_askForPassword", prompt)
}
<environment: 0x103daf718>

[[3]]
[1] "quartz"

[[4]]
function (url) 
{
    .Call("rs_browseURL", url)
}
<environment: 0x109291200>

[[5]]
[1] TRUE

[[6]]
function (action) 
{
    if (identical(.Platform$pkgType, "mac.binary.mavericks")) {
        .Call("rs_canBuildCpp")
    }
    else {
        if (!.Call("rs_canBuildCpp")) {
            .rs.installBuildTools(action)
            FALSE
        }
        else {
            TRUE
        }
    }
}
<environment: 0x103daf718>

> unlist(Titanic)

, , Age = Child, Survived = No

      Sex
Class  Male Female
  1st     0      0
  2nd     0      0
  3rd    35     17
  Crew    0      0

, , Age = Adult, Survived = No

      Sex
Class  Male Female
  1st   118      4
  2nd   154     13
  3rd   387     89
  Crew  670      3

, , Age = Child, Survived = Yes

      Sex
Class  Male Female
  1st     5      1
  2nd    11     13
  3rd    13     14
  Crew    0      0

, , Age = Adult, Survived = Yes

      Sex
Class  Male Female
  1st    57    140
  2nd    14     80
  3rd    75     76
  Crew  192     20

> data.frame(x = c("A", "A", "B"),
+            y = seq(1, 1, 2)) %>% unlist()

x1 x2 x3 y1 y2 y3 
 1  1  2  1  1  1

warnings

警告文を出力する

> ow <- options("warn")
> for (w in -1:1) {
+    options(warn = w); cat("\n warn =", w, "\n")
+    for (i in 1:3) { cat(i,"..\n"); m <- matrix(1:7, 3,4) }
+ }


 warn = -1 
1 ..
2 ..
3 ..

 warn = 0 
1 ..

Warning in matrix(1:7, 3, 4): data length [7] is not a sub-multiple or
multiple of the number of rows [3]

2 ..

Warning in matrix(1:7, 3, 4): data length [7] is not a sub-multiple or
multiple of the number of rows [3]

3 ..

Warning in matrix(1:7, 3, 4): data length [7] is not a sub-multiple or
multiple of the number of rows [3]


 warn = 1 
1 ..

Warning in matrix(1:7, 3, 4): data length [7] is not a sub-multiple or
multiple of the number of rows [3]

2 ..

Warning in matrix(1:7, 3, 4): data length [7] is not a sub-multiple or
multiple of the number of rows [3]

3 ..

Warning in matrix(1:7, 3, 4): data length [7] is not a sub-multiple or
multiple of the number of rows [3]

> warnings()

Warning message:
Setting row names on a tibble is deprecated.

> options(ow)

with

attachせずに変数へアクセス可能

> with(iris, max(Sepal.Length))

[1] 7.9